Juez especializado, posibilidad de un proceso, sanción o jurisdicción de adultos
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Antigua y Barbuda Juvenile Act (1951) |
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Argentina Ley 22.803 (1983) |
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Bahamas |
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Barbados |
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Belize |
§8.(2) Where a child is brought
before a juvenile court for any offence other than homicide, the case
shall be finally disposed of in such court, and it shall not be necessary
to ask the parent whether he consents that the child shall be dealt with
in the juvenile court. (3) Where a young person is brought before a juvenile court for an indictable offence other than homicide and the court becomes satisfied at any time during the hearing of the case that it is expedient to deal with it summarily, the court shall put to the young person the following or a similar question, telling him that he may consult his parent, guardian or attorney before replying: "Do you wish to be tried by this court or by a jury?" and the court shall explain to the young person and to his parent, guardian or attorney the meaning of being so tried and the place where the trial would be held. |
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Bolivia Ley 2026 (1999) |
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Brasil ECA Lei 8069 (1990) |
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| Canada |
The transfer process is eliminated. Instead,
the youth court first determines whether or not the young person is guilty
of the offence and then, under certain circumstances, the youth court may
impose an adult sentence.
A pattern of repeated, serious violent offences is added to the list of offences that give rise to the presumption of an adult sentence. The age at which the presumption of an adult sentence applies is lowered to 14. However, provinces have the authority to set the age at 15 or 16.The effect is that if a province chooses to set the age at 16, there would be no change from the YOA. If the Crown notifies the youth court that it will not be seeking an adult sentence for a presumptive offence, the court may not impose an adult sentence. The test for an adult sentence requires the court to determine whether a youth sentence would be of sufficient length to hold the young person accountable. The accountability of the young person must be consistent with the greater dependency of young persons and their reduced level of maturity. If a youth sentence would be of sufficient length to hold the young person accountable, the court must impose a youth sentence. A young person under age 18 who receives an adult sentence is to be placed in a youth facility unless it would not be in the best interests of the young person or would jeopardize the safety of others. 61. The lieutenant governor in council of a province may by order fix an age greater than fourteen years but not more than sixteen years for the purpose of the application of the provisions of this Act relating to presumptive offences. 62. An adult sentence shall be imposed on a young person who is found guilty of an indictable offence for which an adult is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than two years in the following cases: (a) in the case of a presumptive offence, if the youth justice court makes an order under subsection 70(2) or paragraph 72(1)(b); or (b) in any other case, if the youth justice court makes an order under subsection 64(5) or paragraph 72(1)(b) in relation to an offence committed after the young person attained the age of fourteen years. [1] |
61.
Age for purpose of presumptive offences 62. Imposition of adult sentence 63. Application by young person 64. Application by Attorney General 65. Presumption does not apply 66. No election if youth sentence 67. Election — adult sentence 68. Proof of notice under subsection 64(4) 69. Paragraph (a) “presumptive offence” — included offences 70. Inquiry by court to young person 71. Hearing — adult sentences 72. Test — adult sentences 73. Court must impose adult sentence 74. Application of Parts XXIII and XXIV of Criminal Code 75. Inquiry by the court to the young person 76. Placement when subject to adult sentence 77. Obligation to inform — parole 78. Release entitlement 79. If person convicted under another Act 80. If person who is serving a sentence under another Act is sentenced to an adult sentence 81. Procedure for application or notice |
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Colombia |
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Costa Rica |
Artículo 49.- Participación de menores con adultos
Cuando en un mismo delito intervengan uno o más menores con uno o varios adultos, las causas se separarán y los expedientes de los mayores de edad se remitirán a la jurisdicción penal de adultos. Para mantener en lo posible la conexidad en estos casos, los distintos tribunales quedarán obligados a remitirse, recíprocamente, copias de las pruebas y las actuaciones pertinentes, firmadas por el secretario.
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Chile |
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Dominica |
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Ecuador |
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El Salvador |
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Granada |
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Guatemala |
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Guyana |
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Haïti |
Art. 51.- «Lorsque les circonstances de la cause et la personnalité du prévenu ou de l'accusé de plus de 13 ans exigent une condamnation pénale, le jugement sera prononcé ainsi qu'il suit, sous réserve, le cas échéant de la faculté pour le Juge compétent d'écarter l'excuse atténuante de minorité.» a) «S'il a encouru la peine des travaux forcés à perpétuité, il sera astreint à huit ans de traitement dans un Centre d'Éducation corrective de l'État. (Ainsi modifié par la loi du 7 Sept. 1961).» b) «S'il a encouru la peine des travaux forcés à temps, de la détention ou de la réclusion, il sera soumis à un traitement de trois ans au plus dans un Centre Professionnel spécialisé de l'État.» Art. 52.- «Dans tous les cas, il pourra être décidé que le mineur sera placé jusqu’à un certain âge sous le régime de la liberté surveillée qui sera ci-après déterminé.» (Ainsi modifié par la Loi du 7 Sept. 1961).
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Honduras |
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Jamaica |
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México |
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Nicaragua |
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Panamá |
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Paraguay |
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Perú |
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| República Dominicana | ||
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Saint Kitts & Nevis |
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Saint Lucia |
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St Vincent |
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Suriname |
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Trinidad & Tobago |
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| United States of America | ||
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Uruguay |
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Venezuela |
Canada 1. Under the YOA, if a 16 or 17-year-old is charged with murder, attempted murder, manslaughter or aggravated sexual assault, it is presumed that he or she will be transferred to the adult court and, if convicted, will receive an adult sentence. The presumption does not mean that there will be an automatic adult sentence. It means that the young person must persuade the court that he or she should remain in the youth court. The transfer process is eliminated in the YCJA.
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Provincial Variation in the use of Transfers (1996-97 TO 1998-99)
The YCJA contains some important changes regarding adult sentencing:
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